Antimicrobial Dosing Individualization Based on Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Considering Factors of " Patient " , " Site of infection" " and " Microorganism "

The pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) approach has been widely used in clinical practice to optimize antimicrobial treatment. To promote the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents, it is important to consider certain factors, such as patient (e.g., age, physique, medical history, comorbidities, and organ dysfunction), site of infection (the target site where many causative bacteria are present), and microorganism (causative bacteria and susceptibility), and the dosing regimen should be selected based on the PK/PD approach. However, for renally excreted antibiotics, dosing regimens based on only renal function, such as creatinine clearance, are mainly used. Therefore, other factors such as patient pathological factors, antibiotic penetration of target sites, susceptibility of the causative bacteria to antibiotic, and clinical evaluation (efficacy and toxicity) should be considered simultaneously. These studies aimed to tailor the dosing of antimicrobial agents to individual patients by considering these factors. Multifaceted PK/PD evaluation may improve antimicrobial efficacy and safety, thereby contributing to the successful treatment of infectious diseases. Furthermore, improved treatment success rates may help manage the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, which is expected to become a significant problem in the future.