Incorporating Patient and Family Perspectives into ICU Environmental Design: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Existing Literature

Objective This review aims to assess the incorporation of patient and family input into intensive care unit (ICU) design processes. It aims to highlight the importance of prioritising patient and family perspectives in ICU design to improve patient experiences and clinical outcomes.Background Traditionally, ICU design has focused on clinical efficiency at the expense of patient-centered needs, leading to heavily sedated patients and neglected holistic care delivery. While architects historically dominated design decisions, there's no recognition of the necessity to integrate patient and family perspectives. However, such efforts remain rare despite professional guidelines advocating for multi-professional team involvement.Methods This review summarises the published literature on built ICUs that have incorporated patient and family input into the design process. It evaluates methodologies used and measures patient-centric outcomes to identify successful examples and areas for improvement in future initiatives.Results The limited published literature identifies only three projects successfully integrating patient and family input into ICU design. Additionally, one project was identified in a search of the gray literature. However, these projects often lack rigorous evaluation of patient-centric outcomes, with initiatives involving patients and families remaining uncommon. The review underscores the need for more comprehensive evaluation and greater emphasis on patient and family involvement in ICU design.Conclusion This review emphasizes the significance of integrating patient perspectives into ICU design to enhance outcomes and improve experiences. While progress has been made in recognizing their importance, more efforts are needed to prioritize patient and family involvement for creating conducive environments for healing and recovery.