Nebulized alteplase in coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: a case series

BackgroundMany patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia exhibit signs of microthrombosis. Previous studies discussed intravenous fibrinolytic agents as potential add-on therapy in these patients. Therefore, we propose the inhalative administration of fibrinolytics as a possible safer alternative.Case presentationThis case series describes five white male patients, aged 51-78 years, treated with off-label inhalation of alteplase between November and December 2020. All patients suffered from severe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection with respiratory failure. Pulmonary embolism was ruled out by pulmonary angiogram in computed tomography scans, and all patients showed signs of coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia. Four patients improved clinically, while one patient with advanced chronic diseases died due to multiple organ failure. No directly associated adverse effects were observed following inhalation of alteplase.ConclusionThis case series warrants further attention to investigate inhalative alteplase as an additional treatment in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 infection.