The changing association between pandemic-related stressors and child and adolescent mental health during the waning phase of the COVID-19 pandemic

This study examined the relation between pandemic-related stressors and mental health among young people (YP) in India during two time points in the waning phase of the pandemic. We use data from two cross-sectional waves of over 20,000 YP aged 5-19 in February 2022, during the peak of the Omicron wave, and October 2022, during a reduction in infections and easing of restrictions. COVID illness/death in the family's social network, current lockdown stringency, and significant change in household income were examined in relation to adult respondents' reports of YP internalizing symptoms. Internalizing symptoms declined slightly from February to October 2022. COVID-19 illness/death in the family's network was generally associated with more internalizing symptoms. Higher lockdown stringency was associated with lower levels of internalizing symptoms. YP in households with increases in income tended to have more internalizing symptoms. Many associations were driven by older adolescents and were stronger during the earlier (Feb-2022) than later (Oct-2022) data collection time-points. The findings illustrate the importance of anchoring results within a study's specific geographic context, including concurrent events during the study period. Importantly, findings that may initially seem counterintuitive ultimately illuminate the dynamic and complex processes underlying child and adolescent mental health.