A comprehensive evaluation framework for green ecological urban underground space using factor analysis and AHP

Urban underground space (UUS) provides innovative solutions to urban challenges such as overpopulation, resource scarcity, and environmental issues. However, UUS's lack of comprehensive evaluation standards hinders its sustainable development. This study systematically introduces a novel framework for evaluating green ecological UUS, integrating methodologies such as factor analysis, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and the Delphi method. The framework assesses UUS projects across their lifecycle, focusing on energy efficiency, resource conservation, and environmental protection. Validation through real-world projects, including Chengdu's Tianfu Square and East Railway Station, demonstrated its practical utility, classifying both projects as two-star ecological grades. Real-world projects, such as Chengdu's Tianfu Square and East Railway Station, validated the framework, classifying them into two-star ecological grades based on the proposed standards. This research provides a valuable theoretical and practical tool for establishing a robust evaluation standard for sustainable UUS development, contributing to global urban sustainability efforts.