Statistical Analysis of Atmospheric Ducts in the Yellow and Bohai Seas of China and Study of Their Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Characteristics

Atmospheric ducts play a critical role in the propagation of electromagnetic waves by minimizing signal loss and extending transmission distances, which is essential for radar, communication, and navigation systems. This study leverages meteorological sounding data and reanalysis data to analyze the distribution of atmospheric ducts in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea regions of China. The parabolic equation method was employed to simulate the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves in evaporation ducts, surface ducts, and mixed duct environments, focusing on the effects of electromagnetic wave frequency and antenna height. In the Bohai Sea region, the height of evaporation ducts peaks at 13 m in spring and autumn, decreasing to 6 m in winter. In the Yellow Sea region, the height reaches 12 m in autumn and drops to 7 m in summer, indicating a heterogeneous distribution. The monthly mean occurrence rate of atmospheric ducts is defined as the number of atmospheric duct events in a given month divided by the total number of samples for that month. Influenced by the summer and winter monsoons, the occurrence rate of surface ducts is higher from May to September and lower from October to April of the following year. In contrast, elevated ducts reach their peak occurrence rate of 60% in October. In an evaporation duct environment, propagation loss gradually increases with distance, and the loss is more pronounced in non-uniform environments. In surface ducts, propagation loss exhibits periodic fluctuations with distance, exceeding 47 dB. The mixed duct environment integrates the characteristics of both evaporation and surface ducts, effectively filling the shadow zone between 10 m and 70 m.