Basic geometric analysis of 3-D chip forms in metal cutting. Part 2: Implications

The geometric analysis of 3-D chip forms developed in Part 1 is extended and several new implications are identified: (i) the geometric properties at every point on the tool-chip separation line are fully determined once those at any one point are known, (ii) all possible 3-D chip forms are confined to a relatively restricted parameter space defining the chip velocity direction and the orientation of the axis of the helical chip, (iii) 3-D helical chips are only approximately conical, and (iv) the radii of up-curl and side-curl can be determined from a set of simple measurements of the chip-in-hand. Unlike past analyses, the new analysis paves the way to the study of chip forms from empirical data obtained from practical 3-D chips.