Second literacy and software crisis

The main concern of this paper is the problem of software crisis (i.e. the hopeless unreliability of programs.) The main topics are software crisis and school computers, programming versus using the computer, writing versus understanding programs, software teaching versus hardware teaching, and starting with or without the computer. The main thesis that this paper is trying to defened, is that the remedy against software crisis is to learn to specify programs, not just to write them.