Application of Geogphysical methods to water supply infrastructure

A geophysical study of the aquifers' sub surface sediments and the results from its ground and in-stream EM surveys has provided an insight to the 3D geometry of the aquifers. The ground and in-stream EM survey methods have drawn the map of the water quality variations, and hence mapped the infrastructure leakage and recharge of aquifer systems. Integration of a range of geophysical methods, such as ground and borehole surveys, with a re-examination of soil data have demonstrated that specific EM techniques can successfully delineate sand and gravel aquifers, clay-rich layers, and the regolith basement interface. There was a sufficient contrast found between the ground conductivity and that of the groundwater, whether naturality occurred or presented through infrastructure leakage of deliberate recharge. The study also outlined the effectiveness of EM methods for mapping the subsurface distribution of different groundwater masses.