Droplet generation in a co-flowing microchannel under the non-uniform magnetic fields produced by an electric current loop

Micro-magnetofluidics, the study of fluid behavior under magnetic fields in microscale systems, is vital for applications like drug delivery, chemical synthesis, and lab-on-a-chip technologies. Controlling droplet size and formation frequency in these systems is challenging due to the complex interplay of magnetic forces and fluid dynamics. This study introduces a novel approach to control droplet generation in a co-flowing microchannel under a non-uniform magnetic field generated by an electric current loop. Critical parameters such as electric current intensity, continuous phase flow rate, and current loop position are systematically examined for their impact on droplet behavior. The results highlight the unique influence of the magnetic field configuration, specifically the electric current loop, in inducing a transition from dripping to jetting flow patterns with increasing current intensity, leading to larger droplets and reduced generation frequency. Additionally, a distinct behavior of droplet coalescence near the current loop, followed by re-separation, is observed when the loop is positioned downstream of the inlet. Moreover, increasing the continuous phase flow rate consistently reduced droplet size and increased generation frequency, regardless of the current loop's position.