The North China record-breaking rainfall in July 2021: the atmospheric influential factors and precursory signal

In July 2021, the southeastern part of North China (SENC) suffered a record-breaking extreme rainfall event that caused devastating flooding and enormous losses. In this study, the major atmospheric influential factors and the precursory signal of heavy rainfall in 2021 are investigated using the correlation, regression, power spectrum, and filtering methods, the quasi-geostrophic velocity equation, observational data and numerical simulation of a linear baroclinic model (LBM). The results show that the extremity of a quasi-barotropic high anomaly over Northeast Asia (NEA) contributes to the deep anomalous upward motion within SENC by inducing positive vorticity and temperature advections. On the other hand, the anomalous southeasterly flow at the southwestern flank of the NEA high anomaly transports sufficient moisture to SENC in the lower troposphere. The local deep upward motion combined with the lower-tropospheric moisture convergence directly leads to the occurrence of this extreme rainfall event. Further analysis shows that the intensification of the NEA high in July 2021 is closely tied to the westward migration of atmospheric disturbance originating from the vicinity of Northeast Pacific-North America, which could be supported by numerical simulation in LBM. The variation of the geopotential height anomaly over Northeast Pacific-North America precedes that of the NEA high by two weeks, which is likely to provide a potential source of predictability for the extreme rainfall in SENC.