The formation and evolution of dark star clusters - II. The impact of primordial mass segregation

We investigate the impact of primordial mass segregation on the formation and evolution of dark star clusters (DSCs). Considering a wide range of initial conditions, we conducted N-body simulations of globular clusters (GCs) around the Milky Way. In particular, we assume a canonical initial mass function for all GCs without natal kicks for supernova remnants, namely neutron stars or black holes. Our results demonstrate that clusters with larger degrees of primordial mass segregation reach their DSC phase earlier and spend a larger fraction of their dissolution time in such a phase, compared to clusters without mass segregation. In primordially segregated clusters, the maximum Galactocentric distance that the clusters can have to enter the DSC phase is almost twice that of the clusters without primordial mass segregation. Primordially segregated clusters evolve with a higher number of stellar mass black holes, accelerating energy creation in their central regions and consequently increasing evaporation rates and cluster sizes during dark phases. The simulations reveal that aggregating heavy components at the centre doubles the time spent in the dark phase. Additionally, the study identifies potential links between simulated dark clusters and initial conditions of Milky Way GCs, suggesting some may transition to dark phases before dissolution. Higher primordial mass segregation coefficients amplify the average binary black hole formation rate by 2.5 times, raising higher expectations for gravitational-wave emissions.