Enhanced interannual variability of the May North Atlantic Oscillation and its impact on summer sea ice in the North Atlantic after the mid-2000s

Based on data diagnosis and numerical experiments, this study investigated the changes in the interannual properties of the May North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and their impact on summer (June-July) sea ice in the North Atlantic during 1979-2021. Results showed statistically significant increase in the interannual variability of the May NAO after the mid-2000s, which had remarkably enhanced impact on summer sea ice in the eastern Hudson Bay (EHB) and the western Labrador Sea (WLS). During 2005-2021, corresponding to a positive phase of the May NAO, anomalous surface westerly or northwesterly winds prevailed over the Hudson Bay and Labrador Sea in May. This led to statistically significant increase in sea ice in both the EHB and the WLS in May via dynamic processes (favoring southeastward movement of the sea ice) and thermal processes (changing surface turbulent heating and shortwave radiation). In comparison with the situation in May, the increase in sea ice in the EHB developed further during summer mainly via thermal processes (positive feedback between the increased sea ice and shortwave radiation). In contrast, amplitude of the increased sea ice in the WLS was comparable between May and summer. Dynamic processes (southeastward movement of sea ice), which was induced by a barotropic anomalous high in the troposphere centered over the Labrador Peninsula, favored the increase in sea ice in summer in the WLS. The tripole sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic and increased snowpack on the Labrador Peninsula in May, triggered by the positive phase of the May NAO, played an important role in the formation of the anomalous high. During 1979-2004, the surface wind, snowpack, and tripole sea surface temperature anomalies in May, triggered by the May NAO, were relatively weak, leading to statistically insignificant changes in summer sea ice in the EHB and WLS.