Hard rock fragmentation by dynamic conical pick indentation under confining pressure

Mechanical mining and excavation in deep metal mines can be regarded as the process of crushing hard rock by conical pick indentation. In this study, a confining pressure loading device was designed and used to carry out dynamic conical pick indentation crushing tests under confining pressure conditions on three types of granite with varying strengths, using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). The objective was to quantitatively investigate the effect of confining pressure and rock strength on the indentation crushing characteristics of deep hard rocks. The results indicate that as the confining pressure increases from 5 MPa to 20 MPa, the dimensional parameters such as volume, diameter and depth of the impact groove decrease linearly, while parameters such as the specific energy, indentation force, indentation index and energy utilization rate progressively increase. The increase in the confining pressure inhibits the formation of internal cracks in the rock, enhancing its resistance to pick indentation, which in turn makes rock fragmentation more difficult. This creates unfavorable conditions for efficient rock breaking. Furthermore, rock strength plays a crucial role in the pick indentation process. The higher the rock strength, the greater its resistance to pick indentation, leading to increased energy consumption, accelerated wear of the conical picks, and reduced efficiency in rock breaking.