Potentially toxic elements in surface sediments of the Beibu Gulf, South Sea , China: Occurrence, bioavailability and probabilistic risk assessment

At present, pollution of gulf sediments with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has become a prominent marine environmental problem. This study thoroughly investigated the occurrence, bioavailability, and probabilistic risk of PTEs in the surface sediments of the Beibu Gulf. The average total concentrations (mg/kg) were 8.03 for As, 0.06 for Cd, 52.73 for Cr, 9.86 for Cu, 0.04 for Hg, 18.70 for Ni, 27.77 for Pb and 59.80 for Zn, respectively. The positive matrix factorization model revealed that the PTE enrichment was primarily due to composite sources from aquaculture and fisheries activities, industrial and agricultural sources. Risk assessment code and correlation analysis indicated that Cd had the highest bioavailability, influenced by TOC and TP. The probabilistic risk assessment model estimated a 60.83 % probability that the mixed PTEs in the Beibu Gulf's surface sediments could have toxic effects on aquatic life. These findings underscore the impact of intensive human activities on PTE pollution and highlight the need for further research on PTE ecotoxicology and pollution control strategies.