Gamma-ray spectroscopy with anode pulses of NaI(Tl) detector using a low-cost digitizer system

Recently, digital gamma-ray spectroscopy employing low-cost and publicly available (Commercial off the shelf) digitizers has been frequently used in different studies worldwide. In this paper, we considered the digital methods for gamma-ray spectroscopy in which the anode pulses of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) output in a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector were immediately digitized by a PC sound card. We introduced and developed the methods for gamma-ray spectroscopy of microCurie gamma-ray sources by a sampling rate of 96 kHz. First, at low count rates, the pulse arrival time was determined directly by the raw waveform, and the gamma-ray spectrum was obtained by summing the corresponding values in the samples per pulse. In addition, the gamma-ray spectrum was obtained by an enhanced sampling rate waveform and the pulse arrival time was determined by employing the digital constant fraction discrimination (DCFD) method, where each pulse area was achievable by summing the corresponding values of pulse samples. On the other hand, fitting the appropriate model function on the pulses and obtaining the fitted pulse area were undertaken for gamma-ray spectroscopy. To this end, a non-iterative algorithm to fast fit the Gaussian model function was improved. Moreover, the pile-up correction was performed at different count rates employing the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method and Gaussian model function. Also, an approximate method for solving the high run time challenge was identified in the MLE method for long-time waveforms. To reject the pile-up events, a method was introduced based on the calculation of the full-width at half maximum pulses. By applying the proposed rejection method, we achieved an energy resolution of 6.2% at 663 keV gamma-rays and a count rate of 5.3 kcps. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd