The location routing problem using electric vehicles with constrained distance

The introduction of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in modern fleets facilitates a shift towards greener road transportation practices. However, the driving ranges of EVs are limited by the duration of their batteries, which raises some operational challenges. This paper discusses the Location Routing Problem with a Constrained Distance (LRPCD), which is a natural extension of the Location Routing Problem when EVs are utilized. A fast multi-start heuristic and a metaheuristic are proposed to solve the LRPCD. The former combines biased-randomization techniques with the well-known Tillman's heuristic for the Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem. The latter incorporates the biased-randomized approach into the Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) framework. A series of computational experiments show that the multi-start heuristic is able to generate good-quality solutions in just a few seconds, while the biased-rendomized VNS metaheuristic provides higher-quality solutions by employing more computational time. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd