[1] Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama,Kanagawa,240-8501, Japan
[2] Institute for Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Wien, Peter-Jorden-Str. 82, Vienna,1190, Austria
[3] Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, Freising, Germany
[4] Berchtesgaden National Park, Doktorberg 6, Berchtesgaden,83471, Germany
[5] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto,ON, Canada
[6] Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hokkaido, Japan
[7] Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba,Ibaraki,305-8506, Japan
[8] Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe,657-8501, Japan
[9] Research and Education Faculty, Natural Sciences Cluster, Science and Technology Unit, Plant Ecology Laboratory, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
[10] Field Studies Institute for Environmental Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1 Nukuikita, Koganei,Tokyo,184-0015, Japan
[11] Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing,400045, China
[12] Shiretoko Nature Foundation, 531 Iwaubetsu, Shari,Hokkaido,099-4356, Japan