Revisiting Rural and Remote Connectivity Challenges in B5G and 6G Networks

In the ongoing development of beyond-5G (B5G) and 6G networks, addressing the "fourth use case" is crucial for global access to the Internet for all (GAIA). The current networks [enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low latency communications] serve primarily urban areas with advanced networking infrastructure, offering high data rates and low latency. However, the International Telecommunication Union states that approximately 2.9 billion people worldwide do not have Internet access. More than one-third of this global unconnected population is located in rural and remote areas that lack Internet service providers due to low demand, sparse population density, high deployment and maintenance costs, and limited affordability. The absence of basic Internet connectivity significantly affects these communities' personal and professional lives.