Reviewing Biopolymers: Pioneering Sustainable Alternatives to Traditional Plastics Using Algae

In the wake of escalating environmental concerns associated with conventional plastics, exploring sustainable alternatives has garnered significant attention. Biopolymers, particularly those derived from algae, have emerged as promising substitutes due to their renewable nature and biodegradability. This review synthesizes current research endeavours aimed at harnessing algae-based biopolymers as sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics. The utilization of algae in biopolymer production capitalizes on their inherent capacity for rapid growth and efficient carbon fixation through photosynthesis. Algae offer diverse species, each possessing unique biochemical compositions conducive to biopolymer synthesis. This diversity enables the customization of biopolymer properties to suit various applications, ranging from packaging materials to biomedical implants. The synthesis pathways for algae- based biopolymers, notably polyhydroxyalkanoates, including polyhydroxybutyrate, are elucidated, highlighting the role of genetic engineering and process optimization in enhancing production yields. Furthermore, advancements in downstream processing techniques for extracting and purifying biopolymers from algae biomass are discussed, addressing challenges related to scalability and cost-effectiveness. Environmental sustainability considerations, such as life cycle assessments and end-of- life disposal options, are integral to evaluating algae- based biopolymers. Comparative analyses with conventional plastics underscore the environmental benefits of biopolymer adoption, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions and decreased dependence on finite fossil resources. Moreover, this review examines algae-based biopolymers' economic viability and market potential, exploring factors influencing commercialization, such as production costs, regulatory frameworks, and consumer acceptance. Algae-based biopolymers represent a promising avenue for pioneering sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics.