Analysis and relationship between the volume of upper limb lymphoedema and pressure pain threshold, neural range of motion, pain intensity, kinesiophobia, pain hypervigilance and catastrophizing in breast cancer survivors

BACKGROUND: Lymphedema of the upper limbs and persistent pain are frequent sequelae after surgical treatment of breast cancer. AIM: The aim of this paper was to analyze the upper limb volume, pressure pain threshold, neural range of motion, pain intensity, kinesiophobia, pain hypervigilance and catastrophizing in patients with and without lymphoedema after breast cancer surgery. Secondly, we aimed to investigated the association between upper limb volume and these variables. DESIGN: Descriptive observational study. SETTING: Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Granada. POPULATION: Fifty-eight post-surgical breast cancer survivors, 29 with upper limb lymphoedema and 29 without lymphoedema. METHODS: We measured upper limb volume (perimetric method). Also, pressure pain thresholds were assessed with a digital algometer, neural range of motion (neurodynamic test for radial, ulnar and median nerves), pain intensity (visual analogue scale), kinesiophobia, pain hypervigilance and catastrophizing (validated tests). To detect differences between the groups for the measurement variables we performed a t-test for independent samples analysis. A simple linear regression analysis adjusting for age and body mass index was performed to check the association among upper limb volume and pain variables in the group with lymphoedema. RESULTS: The analysis showed that lymphoedema group had lower pressure pain threshold bilaterally in the masseter (origin P <= 0.036; insertion P <= 0.046), temporalis (insertion P <= 0.021), suboccipitalis (P <= 0.036); second (P <= 0.014), third (P <= 0.001) and tenth rib (P <= 0.001); affected side of the temporalis (origin P=0.025); temporomandibular joint (P=0.024); neural range of motion in the median nerve (P=0.047), ulnar (P=0.042) on the affected side and radial (P=0.039) on the unaffected side; and greater kinesiophobia (P=0.042). Linear regression analysis only showed a significant association between upper limb volume and neural range of motion in the radial nerve (P=0.020) in the lymphedema group. No significant associations were obtained for the rest of variables. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the presence of lymphoedema may contribute to an increased level of generalized mechanosensitivity and fear to movement in this population. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: Upper limb lymphedema can lead to heightened mechanosensitivity and movement-related fear in breast cancer survivors. Therefore, fast track rehabilitation approach should be focus in screening and rehabilitation methods for detection and control this sequalae.