Successful Treatment of Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia with a Positive Donath-Landsteiner Test Using Rituximab

Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) is a rare disease in adults, and its concurrent presentation with warm-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) has not yet been reported. We encountered a 19-year-old woman with AIHA and a positive Donath-Landsteiner test result identified by a hemolytic attack during blood transfusion. She also showed positive results for the direct Coombs and Donath-Landsteiner antibody tests. After treatment with prednisolone followed by rituximab, the AIHA improved, and the DonathLandsteiner antibody test result turned negative. Clinicians should be aware that patients may present with concurrent warm-type AIHA and PCH and consider rituximab for its treatment.