6-Gingerol improves lipid metabolism disorders in skeletal muscle by regulating AdipoR1/AMPK signaling pathway

Background: To delve into the precise mechanisms by which 6-gingerol ameliorates lipid metabolism disorders in skeletal muscle. Methods: The level of triglycerides (TG) was used to evaluate lipid deposition. In skeletal muscle, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to observe mitochondrial morphology. Additionally, PCR was applied to detect mitochondrial biogenesis, and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), glutathione, r-glutamyl cysteingl+glycine (GSH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were measured to assess mitochondrial oxidative stress levels. In vivo, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays were conducted to quantify reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Furthermore, the Seahorse XF assays was utilized to assess mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Fluorescence confocal microscopy and molecular docking were applied to analyze the binding of 6-gingerol and adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1). The expression of AdipoR1, AMPK, PGC-1 alpha and SIRT1 were detected by Western Blot. Results: In vivo, 6-gingerol could reduce body weight in mice induced by a high-fat diet, enhance metabolic profiles in plasma, decrease lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle and liver, and elevate adiponectin levels. In skeletal muscle, it could restore mitochondrial morphology, boost mitochondrial copy number and biogenesis, and mitigate oxidative stress. In vitro, 6-gingerol may directly interact with AdipoR1 to upregulate the expression of downstream proteins p-AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC-1 alpha, leading to a reduction in lipid deposition, a decrease in ROS production, an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, and an enhancement of mitochondrial respiratory capacity in C2C12 myotubes. Conclusion: 6-Gingerol ameliorated lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle by regulating the AdipoR1/AMPK signaling pathway.