Chemical speciation, reactivity, and long-term burial of sedimentary phosphorus in Green Bay, a seasonally hypoxia-influenced freshwater estuary

Sediment cores were collected along a trophic gradient in Green Bay, a seasonally hypoxia-influenced freshwater estuary in Lake Michigan, to measure various phosphorus (P) species, including exchangeable-P (Ex-P), iron-bound-P (Fe-P), biogenic-apatite and/or CaCO3-associated-P (CFA-P), organic-P (Org-P) and detrital-apatite-P (Detr-P). Although total phosphorus (TP) decreased with increasing depth, different P species exhibited distinct vertical distribution patterns with different post-depositional behaviors. The Ex-P, Fe-P and CFA-P species were identified as potentially bioavailable-P (BAP). Little variation was observed for Org-P and Detr-P species, especially below the upper-active-layer, both serving as the primary sink for P in sediment. Detr-P% decreased consistently from the near river plume station to the open bay in the north. P accumulation rates were estimated at 25.1 mmol-P/m(2)/yr (779 mg-P/m(2)/yr) in the south, 10.9 mmol-P/m(2)/yr (338 mg-P/m(2)/yr) in the central region, and 8.1 mmol-P/m(2)/yr (252 mg-P/m(2)/yr) in the north of Green Bay, showing a decrease in the depth of the upper active layer for P regeneration along the south-north transect. The overall potential P regeneration back into the water column increased from 2.8 mmol-P/m(2)/yr (87 mg-P/m(2)/yr) in the south, and 3.3 mmol-P/m(2)/yr (101 mg-P/m(2)/yr) in the central region to 5.6 mmol-P/m(2)/yr (173 mg-P/m(2)/yr) in the north of the bay, corresponding to P burial efficiencies of similar to 89 %, 70 % and 31 % along the trophic gradient. The recent decrease in Detr-P and thus the increase in BAP over the last 2-3 decades could be related to anthropogenic activities, such as damming and implementation of agricultural conservation practices. Conversely, a recent increase in TOC/TOP ratios may reflect the increased extent of trophic status and seasonal hypoxia in bottom waters and enhanced regeneration and recycling of particulate P in Green Bay since the 1960s. New results from this study provide an improved understanding of the linkage between sources, internal cycling, and long-term burial of P in the basin.