3D MR fingerprinting for dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging of whole mouse brain

Purpose: Quantitative MRI enables direct quantification of contrast agent concentrations in contrast-enhanced scans. However, the lengthy scan times required by conventional methods are inadequate for tracking contrast agent transport dynamically in mouse brain. We developed a 3D MR fingerprinting (MRF) method for simultaneous T-1 and T-2 mapping across the whole mouse brain with 4.3-min temporal resolution. Method: We designed a 3D MRF sequence with variable acquisition segment lengths and magnetization preparations on a 9.4T preclinical MRI scanner. Model-based reconstruction approaches were employed to improve the accuracy and speed of MRF acquisition. The method's accuracy for T-1 and T-2 measurements was validated in vitro, while its repeatability of T-1 and T-2 measurements was evaluated in vivo (n = 3). The utility of the 3D MRF sequence for dynamic tracking of intracisternally infused gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) in the whole mouse brain was demonstrated (n = 5). Results: Phantom studies confirmed accurate T-1 and T-2 measurements by 3D MRF with an undersampling factor of up to 48. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRF scans achieved a spatial resolution of 192 x 192 x 500 mu m(3) and a temporal resolution of 4.3 min, allowing for the analysis and comparison of dynamic changes in concentration and transport kinetics of intracisternally infused Gd-DTPA across brain regions. The sequence also enabled highly repeatable, high-resolution T-1 and T-2 mapping of the whole mouse brain (192 x 192 x 250 mu m(3)) in 30 min. Conclusion: We present the first dynamic and multi-parametric approach for quantitatively tracking contrast agent transport in the mouse brain using 3D MRF.