Artificial Intelligence-Based Histopathological Subtyping of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer

Four subtypes of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) have previously been identified, each with different prognoses and drug sensitivities. However, the accuracy of classification depended on the assessor's experience. This study aimed to develop a universal algorithm for HGSC-subtype classification using deep learning techniques. An artificial intelligence (AI)-based classification algorithm, which replicates the consensus diagnosis of pathologists, was formulated to analyze the morphological patterns and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte counts for each tile extracted from whole slide images of ovarian HGSC available in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set. The accuracy of the algorithm was determined using the validation set from the Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group 3022A1 (JGOG3022A1) and Kindai and Kyoto University (Kindai/Kyoto) cohorts. The algorithm classified the four HGSC-subtypes with mean accuracies of 0.933, 0.910, and 0.862 for the TCGA, JGOG3022A1, and Kindai/Kyoto cohorts, respectively. To compare mesenchymal transition (MT) with non-MT groups, overall survival analysis was performed in the TCGA data set. The AI-based prediction of HGSC-subtype classification in TCGA cases showed that the MT group had a worse prognosis than the non-MT group (P = 0.017). Furthermore, Cox proportional hazard regression analysis identified AI-based MT subtype classification prediction as a contributing factor along with residual disease after surgery, stage, and age. In conclusion, a robust AI-based HGSC-subtype classification algorithm was established using virtual slides of ovarian HGSC.