The Anthropocene fingerprint: Hazardous elements in waters of a coastal Mediterranean alluvial plain (Valencia, Spain)

This study focuses on the alluvial plain spanning between the Turia and Jucar rivers (486 km(2)) in Valencia, Spain - a highly productive agricultural area that also involves a Natural Park (La Albufera). Thirty-five points across different water sources and land uses were sampled to map the spatial distribution of 14 heavy metals (Al, As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, and Zn), and to study the potential influence of water characteristics and environmental factors on them. Two pollution indexes were applied, Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) and Water Pollution Index (WPI), to assess the water quality state in the area. High levels were predominantly found in the southern region, particularly within rice farming areas. For B, Sr, and Tl, all samples exceeded WHO limits, EU legislation, or EPA benchmarks, with 61.76 % and 85.71 % of samples surpassing standards for Al and Li, respectively. Water salinization parameters greatly influenced the dynamics of Al, As, B, Li, Sr, and Tl. Analysis using both indexes (HEI and WPI) revealed poor water quality in the area, particularly in rice fields, posing potential toxic effects on ecosystems and human health. The findings of this work are valuable for understanding elements of concern in coastal wetlands under global change.