Global prevalence of depression in menopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: An association between the menopause and depression is widely reported. This review aims to determine the global prevalence of depression in menopausal women (this includes women in perimenopause and postmenopause). Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched from database inception until March 1, 2024. Studies with validated methods for assessing the prevalence of depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women were included. Two authors independently extracted relevant data. Random effects meta-analysis and Meta-regression analysis were performed using Stata software. Results: Total of 55 studies (76,817 participants) were included in the review. A random effects model was used to calculate pooled prevalence. The pooled depression prevalence in menopausal women was 35.6 % (95 % CI: 32.0 -39.2 %), with 33.9 % (95 % CI: 27.8 -40.0 %) in perimenopausal women, and 34.9 % (95 % CI: 30.7 -39.1 %) in postmenopausal women. Subgroup analyses indicated that region, screening tool, study design, and setting moderated the prevalence of depression. Meta-regression indicated that smaller sample sizes and poorer study quality were significantly associated with a higher prevalence. Limitations: There was a high degree of heterogeneity across the included studies. Only articles published in English were included. There was significant publication bias in this meta-analysis. There is insufficient information about many risk factors of menopausal depression in current meta-analysis. Conclusions: Depression is common among menopausal women worldwide. To reduce the negative impact of depression on health outcomes in menopausal women, regular screening and the availability of effective prevention and treatment measures should be made available for this population.