Relativistic and spin-orbit dynamics at nonrelativistic intensities in strong-field ionization

Spin-orbit dynamics and relativistic corrections to the kinetic energy in strong-field dynamics have long been ignored for near- and mid-infrared fields with intensities 1013-1014 13 -10 14 W/cm2, / cm 2 , as the final photoelectron energies are considered too low for these effects to play a role. However, using a precise and flexible path-integral formalism, we include all correction terms from the fine-structure, Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian. This enables a treatment of spin, through coherent spin states, which is the first model to use this approach in strong-field physics. We are able to show that the most energetically rescattered wave packets are effected by relativistic kinetic energy corrections during rescattering. We probe these effects and show that they yield notable differences for a 1600-nm wavelength laser field on the dynamics and the photoelectron spectra. Furthermore, we find that the dynamical spin-orbit coupling is strongly overestimated if relativistic corrections to kinetic energy are not considered. Finally, we derive a new condition that demonstrates that relativistic effects begin to play a role at intensities many orders of magnitude lower than expected for the case of rescatterering. Our findings may have important implications for imaging processes such as laser-induced electron diffraction, which includes high-energy photoelectron recollisions.