Effects of road salt, egg predation and alterations to the egg- mass jelly layers on the embryos of spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum

Road de-icing salt has been used to make winter driving safer. However, its eventual drainage into adjacent water bodies has caused detrimental effects on organisms in those aquatic communities, including amphibians. We used the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum as a model species and examined whether there would be additive or interactive effects of road salt, egg predation from wood frog Lithobates sylvaticus tadpoles, and alteration to egg-mass jelly layers on the hatching rate, incubation period, snout-vent length (SVL) and developmental stage of hatchlings. We found neither main nor interactive effects of salt on the measured traits, which contradicts some of the previous studies. The other body of previous studies, however, showed observational and experimental evidence that amphibian populations became locally adapted to saline water. Given the roadside origin of our study animals, our negative results provide insight into the ubiquity of local adaptation to saline water among amphibian populations. We also found that egg predation and the presence of egg-mass jelly layers negatively affected the incubation period, SVL, or development in the predicted manners based on the O2 2 demand-supply balance within egg masses. These responses might be altered by dissolved salt if populations naive to freshwater salinisation were exposed to saline water.