DFT/TDDFT Investigation of the Effect of Electron Acceptor Groups on Photovoltaic Performance Using Phenothiazine-Based D-Ai-π-A Dyes for DSSC Applications

This review focuses mostly on organic dye-sensitized solar cells, as they are an attractive, environmentally friendly alternative to traditional silicon solar cells for the production of renewable energy at a lower cost. The dye chromophore is recognized as the central component of the DSSC device. To improve the electrochemical, photovoltaic, and absorption properties of organic sensitizing dyes, we have designed a series of eight new dyes Pi (i = 1.8) based on the DPA-2 architecture (the reference molecule). We have investigated the effects of internal absorption of different acceptor groups in D-Ai-pi-A before and after binding to the TiO2 cluster surface on the ability to inject electrons into the surface. The benzophenothiazine is the D donor, the pi-spacer is furan, and the A acceptor is cycnoacrylic acid. We are using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), and density functional theory (DFT) in our quantum calculations. It is theoretically possible to predict suitable candidates for the DSSC device and identify correlations between their structure and properties by using DFT and TD-DFT simulations to thoroughly study in detail electronic structures, natural binding orbital (NBO), analysis of UV-visible absorption spectra, parameters influencing short-circuit current density (JSC), open-circuit voltage (VOC), and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Additionally, the relationship between optoelectronic properties and molecular structure was investigated, and the effect of auxiliary acceptor groups (Ai) on the primary photovoltaic properties of the reference molecule DPA-2. The results show that by changing the internal acceptor to DPA-2 could create a more coplanar and rigid structure. This would cause the energy gap (Eg) for each of the dyes created to significantly shrink, reducing it from 2.29 to 1.38 eV. The absorption spectra's lambda max for each dye would also change color, this was because the acceptor moiety Ai of the phenothiazine moiety changed when it came to DPA-2 (not including compounds P1 and P4). In contrast, P6 and P7 dyes demonstrate an absorption range beyond 500 nm, implying a more efficient utilization of sunlight in the visible spectrum compared to other dyes. Furthermore, all organic dyes show a robust LHE performance (0.919 to 0.993), correlating with the lowest Delta G(reg) values (0.097 to 0.356) and the most negative Delta G(inject) values (-2.067 to -1.121). The power conversion efficiency of PCE and J(SC )could increase according to these results. Therefore, theoretical research into adding a second internal acceptor group to the D-Ai-pi-A structure should produce new methods for improving solar energy output.