Processing methods towards scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells: A brief review

Recent rapid growth in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has sparked research attention due to their photovoltaic efficacy, which exceeds 25 % for small area PSCs. The shape of the perovskite film directly governs its optical and electrical characteristics, such as light absorption, carrier diffusion length, and charge transport. Hence, this study commences with discussing the architecture of PSCs and emphasizes the most recent advancements in film manufacturing techniques, as well as the impact of film morphology on performance. To commercialize PSCs and enhance scalability, several technologies have been devised to make high quality perovskite films. Spin coating, chemical vapor deposition, blade coating, spray coating, flexographic printing, screen printing, and inkjet printing have been shown to manage film formation and improve power conversion efficiency (PCE) by over 21 %. Chemical vapour deposition and thermal vapour deposition can be used for large scale production, even though they have intricate technological demands and offer a high level of reproducibility in processing and manufacturing. Considerations like scalability, affordability, material compatibility, and required film qualities dictate the fabrication procedure for PSCs in industrial production. We concluded by reviewing perovskite solar cell fabrication methods and commercialization prospects. In order to bring perovskite solar cells into the commercial market, it is necessary to improve and optimise the current fabrication methods and conduct further research. Combining or optimizing technologies is typically needed to balance performance, cost, and manufacturing efficiency.