Updates and Current Challenges in Reproductive Microbiome: A Comparative Analysis between Cows and Women

Simple Summary We reviewed the intricate world of the reproductive microbiota in cattle, shedding light on its pivotal role in fertility. Through an extensive analysis of the current research, this article navigates through fundamental concepts such as microbiota composition, and interactions between pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms within reproductive organs. We highlight the challenges involving the reproductive microbiota and their intricate associations with fertility outcomes. Furthermore, this review explores cutting-edge topics, including microbiota manipulation through innovative strategies and tools, offering insights into potential advancements in this field. Challenges and limitations facing the understanding and manipulation of the bovine reproductive tract microbiota are also discussed, alongside alternative approaches to propel the field forward. This article serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers, veterinarians, and stakeholders interested in enhancing fertility outcomes in cattle through microbiota management.Abstract The microbiota plays an important role in numerous physiological processes, pathogenesis, development, and metabolism in different animal species. In humans, several studies have demonstrated an association between the vaginal microbiota and fertility rates, and even success in assisted reproduction techniques. In the context of cattle reproduction, although few studies have addressed the microbiota in a healthy state (which is not associated with diseases that affect the reproductive tract of cows), changes in its composition also seem to influence fertility. This review aims to explain the importance of the reproductive microbiota in female bovines and what is available in the literature regarding its possible role in increasing fertility. What are the challenges involved in this process? Future perspectives on its use and manipulation as a selection or intervention tool. Will it be possible to one day extrapolate the findings to reality and apply them in the field? In short, understanding the role of the reproductive microbiota of female bovines can signal the prospect of increasing production, whether of milk or meat, from the same number of animals, as it can optimize reproductive efficiency and perhaps become an allied tool for the economic profitability and sustainability of livestock farming.