Comparing harm reduction and overdose response services between community-based and public health department syringe service programmes using a national cross-sectional

Background Syringe services programmes (SSPs) are an evidence -based strategy to reduce infectious diseases and deliver overdose prevention interventions for people who use drugs. They face regulatory, administrative, and funding barriers that limit their implementation in the US, though the federal government recently began providing funding to support these efforts. In this study we aim to understand whether the organisational characteristics of SSPs are associated with the provision of syringe and other overdose response strategies. Methods We examine four outcomes using the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs (NSSSP) (N = 472): syringe distribution, naloxone distribution, fentanyl test strip (FTS) availability, and buprenorphine implementation. These outcomes are assessed across three organizational categories of SSPs - those operated by public health departments (DPH), community -based organizations (CBOs) with government funding, and CBOs without government funding - while adjusting for community -level confounders. Findings The proportion of SSPs by organizational category was 36% DPH, 42% CBOs with government funding, and 22% CBOs without government funding. Adjusting for community -level differences, we found that CBO SSPs with government funding had signi fi cantly higher provision of all four syringe and overdose response services as compared to DPH SSPs and across three of the four services as compared to CBO SSPs without government funding. CBO SSPs without government funding still had signi fi cantly higher provision of three of the four services as compared to programmes maintained by the DPH. Interpretation CBO SSPs have strong potential to expand overdose response services nationally, particularly if provided with sustained and adequate funding. Communities should aim to provide funding that does not hinder SSP innovation so they can remain fl exible in responding to local needs.