Mitigating against the between-ensemble-member precipitation bias in a lagged sub-seasonal ensemble

The Met Office GloSea5-GC2 sub-seasonal-to-seasonal 40-member lagged ensemble consists of members who are up to 10 days different in age such that the between-ensemble-member bias is not internally consistent. Reforecasts tend to be used to convert these ensemble forecasts into anomalies from a normal state. These anomalies are however not that useful for applications where individual ensemble members are needed to drive downstream applications in the hazard and impact space. Here we explore whether there is a way of correcting for the within-ensemble bias without using reforecasts. An investigation into the individual daily precipitation distributions from the JJAS 2019 Indian monsoon season, stratified by forecast horizon, highlights how the distribution changes, and shows that the model distribution is markedly different to the observed. Initial results suggest that it could be better to use recent model forecast distribution(s) as the reference for adjusting the model rainfall accumulations as a function of lead day horizon, that is, not attempting to correct the members to a vastly different (observed) distribution shape, but a more subtle shift towards the model's best guess of reality, rather than reality itself, to remove the between-ensemble-member bias. A combination of Exponential and Generalized Pareto distributions are used for parametric quantile mapping to remove this internal ensemble bias using computationally efficient pre-computed lookup tables. Within- and out-of-sample results for the 2019 and 2020 monsoon seasons show that the method is effective in tightening precipitation gradients, with improvements in spread, accuracy and skill, especially for low accumulations. Monthly forecast ensemble members are different ages. Here they are adjusted to be more similar to each other. The adjusted minus raw Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS) differences for the 2019 and 2020 JJAS Indian monsoon seasons where a negative difference indicates a reduction in the ensemble forecast error. Bigger symbols indicate that the differences between the raw and adjusted forecasts are statistically significant at the 5% level. image