A comprehensive review on human health hazards due to groundwater contamination: A global perspective

Over the past few decades, the state of groundwater has become a pressing concern, significantly impacting human health. Groundwater contamination from various pollutants poses substantial risks to communities worldwide, particularly in areas with limited access to clean water. Addressing these challenges necessitates a comprehensive approach, including source control, water quality monitoring, advanced treatment technologies, policy formulation, education, and community engagement. This review paper aims to raise awareness of the diverse factors contributing to water contamination. Examining studies on water pollution from human activities reveals that pesticides, fertilizers, industrial operations, and mining activities are major sources of contamination. Nitrate, harmful substances, and radioactive elements negatively affect the quality of both surface and groundwater, posing significant health risks, especially to vulnerable populations like children and women. Microplastic contamination, primarily from sewage discharge into oceans, poses additional concerns. Geological sources contribute to groundwater contamination through geochemical processes, with fluoride, nitrate, arsenic, uranium, manganese, and various trace elements identified as contaminants. Pharmaceutical ingredients have also been detected in drinking water and fish, albeit in minimal quantities with negligible health risks. Nonetheless, the cumulative impact of pollution sources on individual well-being and quality of life is considerable. Safeguarding groundwater quality is crucial for protecting public health and requires a combination of regulatory measures, technological advancements, community involvement, and sustainable practices. Consistent monitoring of groundwater quality is recommended to identify pollutant sources and develop effective remedial strategies, ensuring healthier and safer environments for current and future generations.