A review on the occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment and treatment trends for their removal

The pervasive presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water sources and their associated health risks have prompted significant attention. This comprehensive review delves into the occurrence, effects, and advanced treatment techniques aimed at mitigating PFAS contamination in aquatic environments. By examining established and novel treatment methods, including high-pressure membrane systems, anion exchange resins, and activated carbons, this paper fills a critical gap in existing literature. It evaluates the efficacy of conventional PFAS removal techniques like adsorption and coagulation-flocculation, while also exploring cutting-edge approaches such as electrocoagulation, membrane processes, and advanced oxidation methods. The manuscript not only scrutinizes the mechanics, benefits, and limitations of these treatment processes but also underscores the importance of hybrid systems for substantial PFAS removal in wastewater treatment. This review serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, academics, and practitioners engaged in combating PFAS contamination effectively by amalgamating the latest research findings.