Recent progress in smart inorganic mesoporous silica-based nanovaccine for cancer

Improving the safety and efficacy of cancer vaccines is the main aim of cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is a promising clinical method for treating cancer. Immune system-stimulating drugs are used in cancer immunotherapy to help the body's defenses develop a natural resistance to tumor cells. Immunotherapy for cancer has significant adverse effects, including autoimmunity and nonspecific inflammation, the management of which is a significant challenge. Nanoengineering of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) is a promising tool for enhancing photo-medicated cancer immunotherapy because of its high porosity, high biocompatibility, facile surface modification, and self-adjuvanticity. MSN acts as a promising nanoparticles (NPs) adjuvant for cancer vaccines. Despite its introduction as a novel therapeutic modality for cancer treatment, phototherapy's low therapeutic performance considerably restricts clinical translation. Immunotherapy for cancer has emerged as a powerful tool for eradicating tumors by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD). In this review article, here take a hard look into the future of phototherapy, immunotherapy, and photoimmunotherapy for cancer, and assess the most recent scientific developments in these areas. Recent findings from animal studies have shown that there is no method is enough to completely eradicate tumors and prevent their spread. Therefore, combination therapy will have a greater effect on tumors and minimize the chance of recurrence. This study has significant implications for the next generation of MSN-based nanovaccine for anti-tumor therapy.