Impact of influent characteristics and operational parameters on nitrous oxide emissions in wastewater treatment: Strategies for mitigation and microbial insights

Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from the wastewater treatment sector are a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas levels. This investigation delves into the mechanisms of N 2 O generation and uptake, correlating microbial processes with variables such as influent characteristics and operational parameters. The nature of carbon substrates in the influent profoundly influences microbial consortia and N 2 O output. Elevating the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio has been shown to curtail N 2 O emissions by alleviating the competitive dynamics among denitrifying enzymes. Optimal activity of N 2 O reductase is achieved by maintaining a neutral to mildly alkaline pH and stable ambient temperatures. It is imperative to circumvent extreme aeration rates and prolonged aeration periods to reduce N 2 O release. The study underscores the importance of an effective carbon feed strategy and advocates for prolonged hydraulic retention times (HRT) and sludge retention times (SRT) in activated sludge suspension systems to inhibit N 2 O escape. Notably, excessive internal recycling, coupled with heightened dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in aerobic zones, intensifies N 2 O emission risks. Moreover, the presence of hazardous contaminants, such as heavy metals and antibiotics, interferes with nitrogen elimination processes, warranting a comprehensive assessment of consequent N 2 O emission hazards. This research provides a scientific basis as well as practical management approaches to diminish N 2 O emissions.