Formulation, physical characterization, and antibacterial activity of modifications of Bawang Dayak Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. anti-acne cream

Introduction: Several studies have reported the ability of Bawang Dayak cream to inhibit Cutibacterium acnes, but the lack of specific formulations has led to its ineffectiveness. This is indicated by a smaller inhibition zone and the predominant scent of the plant. Therefore, this study aims to assess the physical characteristics and antibacterial activity of two modified formulations of Bawang Dayak anti-acne cream. Methods: Two modified formulations of Bawang Dayak anti-acne cream were prepared, namely M1 (containing peppermint water) and M2 (comprising peppermint water, cinnamon extract, and honey). Each formulation had four concentrations: 5% (F1), 10% (F2), 15% (F3), and 20% (F4). The physical characteristics were then examined. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the disc-diffusion method against acne-causing bacteria. Results: The addition of peppermint water to the cream formula masked the odour of Bawang Dayak. All the formulas examined met the requirements of the homogeneity, pH, and spreadability tests. However, the adhesion test showed that only F2 and F4 of M2 met the requirement. The results also showed that M1 had better antibacterial activity compared to M2. Conclusions: This study found that all the formulas observed passed the homogeneity, pH, and spreadability tests. Only F2 and F4 of M2 met the requirements of the adhesion tests. M1 exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to the M2. F1 of M1 showed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Further investigation was needed to evaluate the effectiveness of M2 against S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as assess the stability.