Mouse models for cancer research - current state and the perspective

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. We still do not understand all the details of carcinogenesis, and effective treatment is lacking for many oncological diseases. Animal models provide an irreplaceable tool to observe the growth and spreading of neoplastic cells in an environment of living organisms, to test the efficacy of cancer treatment, side effects, and toxicity, and to study the tumor microenvironment. Mice are the most often used model organisms because of their easy handling, short reproductive period, multiple strains, and complete DNA sequencing. An ideal model should accurately recapitulate each step of tumor development. Recent techniques have established models that enable the study of different aspects of cancer, but choosing a particular model depends on the application of output data. This article aimed to review induced, transplantable, and engineered mice and highlight their significance for recent and future cancer research.