Ethanolic Extract of Equisetum arvense: A Potential Agent against Rheumatoid Arthritis in Wistar Rats with Freund's Complete Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis, a global autoimmune affliction affecting 0.3-1% of the population, is characterized by chronic inflammation and systemic symptoms. Dissatisfaction with conventional treatments leads individuals with chronic pain in rheumatoid arthritis to explore alternative medicine. Herbal remedies, including Equisetum arvense extract, are studied for their anti-inflammatory potential. Aim: This research focuses on evaluating the impact of E. arvense extract on experimentally induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats, presenting a promising alternative for complementary approaches. Materials and Methods: In the study, rats received oral doses of Equisetum arvense ethanolic extract at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, followed by induction with Complete Freund's Adjuvant in the hind paw on day 0. Physical parameters like body weight and paw volume were assessed on days 0, 8, 16 and 22. Hematological parameters, including RBC count, Hb levels, ESR, total WBC count, and platelet count, were measured. Histopathological studies were conducted for a comprehensive assessment. Results: They showed both doses of Equisetum arvense extract significantly reduced paw volume compared to the CFA-induced group. Extract administration elevated RBC and Hb levels, approaching normalcy. Increases in WBC count and ESR were notably mitigated. Rats treated with the extract demonstrated protection against bone deterioration and reduced soft tissue swelling. Hispathology of tibiotarsal joints E. arvense treated rats exhibited joint protection, reducing cartilage destruction and decreased vascularity. Conclusion: The Equisetum arvense showed diminished cartilage destruction and decreased vascularity compared to arthritic rats. The Equisetum arvense exhibits potent anti-rheumatoid activity, emphasizing its potential as an alternative therapeutic approach for rheumatoid arthritis.