Mechanosensing and anesthesia of single internodal cells of Chara

The giant (2-3 x 10(-2) m long) internodal cells of the aquatic plant, Chara, exhibit a rapid (>100 x 10(-6) m s(-1)) cyclic cytoplasmic streaming which stops in response to mechanical stimuli. Since the streaming - and the stopping of streaming upon stimulation - is easily visible with a stereomicroscope, these single cells are ideal tools to investigate mechanosensing in plant cells, as well as the potential for these cells to be anesthetized. We found that dropping a steel ball (0.88 x 10(-3) kg, 6 x 10(-3) m in diameter) through a 4.6 cm long tube (delivering ca. 4 x 10(-4) J) reliably induced mechanically-stimulated cessation of cytoplasmic streaming. To determine whether mechanically-induced cessation of cytoplasmic streaming in Chara was sensitive to anesthesia, we treated Chara internodal cells to volatilized chloroform in a 9.8 x 10(-3) m(3) chamber for 2 minutes. We found that low doses (15,000-25,000 ppm) of chloroform did not always anesthetize cells, whereas large doses (46,000 and higher) proved lethal. However, 31,000 ppm chloroform completely, and reversibly, anesthetized these cells in that they did not stop cytoplasmic streaming upon mechanostimulation, but after 24 hours the cells recovered their sensitivity to mechanostimulation. We believe this single-cell model will prove useful for elucidating the still obscure mode of action of volatile anesthetics.