In this paper, we propose new Metropolis-Hastings and simulated annealing algorithms on a finite state space via modifying the energy landscape. The core idea of landscape modification rests on introducing a parameter c, such that the landscape is modified once the algorithm is above this threshold parameter to encourage exploration, while the original landscape is utilized when the algorithm is below the threshold for exploitation purposes. We illustrate the power and benefits of landscape modification by investigating its effect on the classical Curie-Weiss model with Glauber dynamics and external magnetic field in the subcritical regime. This leads to a landscape-modified mean-field equation, and with appropriate choice of c the free energy landscape can be transformed from a double-well into a single-well landscape, while the location of the global minimum is preserved on the modified landscape. Consequently, running algorithms on the modified landscape can improve the convergence to the ground state in the Curie-Weiss model. In the setting of simulated annealing, we demonstrate that landscape modification can yield improved or even subexponential mean tunnelling time between global minima in the low-temperature regime by appropriate choice of c, and we give a convergence guarantee using an improved logarithmic cooling schedule with reduced critical height. We also discuss connections between landscape modification and other acceleration techniques, such as Catoni's energy transformation algorithm, preconditioning, importance sampling, and quantum annealing. The technique developed in this paper is not limited to simulated annealing, but is broadly applicable to any difference-based discrete optimization algorithm by a change of landscape.
