Formal Modeling and Dynamic Verification for Human Cyber Physical Systems under Uncertain Environment

With the development of technology, new complex systems such as human cyber-physical systems (hCPS) have become indistinguishable from social life. The cyberspace where the software system located is increasingly integrated with the physical space of people's daily life. The uncertain factors such as the dynamic environment in the physical space, the explosive growth of the spatio- temporal data, as well as the unpredictable human behavior are all compromise the security of the system. As a result of the increasing security requirements, the scale and complexity of the system are also increasing. This situation leads to a series of problems that remain unresolved. Therefore, developing intelligent and safe human cyber-physical systems under uncertain environment is becoming the inevitable challenge for the software industry. It is difficult for the human cyber-physical systems to perceive the runtime environment accurately under uncertain surroundings. The uncertain perception will lead to the system's misinterpretation, thus affecting the security of the system. It is difficult for the system designers to construct formal specifications for the human cyber-physical systems under uncertain environment. For safety-critical systems, formal specifications are the prerequisites to ensure system security. To cope with the uncertainty of the specifications, a combination of data-driven and model-driven modeling methodology is proposed, that is, the machine learning-based algorithms are used to model the environment based on spatio-temporal data. An approach is introduced to integrate machine learning method and runtime verification technology as a unified framework to ensure the safety of the human cyber-physical systems. The proposed approach is illustrated by modeling and analyzing a scenario of the interaction of an autonomous vehicle and a human-driven motorbike. © Copyright 2021, Institute of Software, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.