Urban vitality and built environment from the perspective of spatiotemporal heterogeneity

The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the built environment's effects on urban vitality is analysed through geographically and temporally weighted regression models. It is found that residents' travel time and patterns lead to temporal heterogeneity, which is manifested by the fluctuation of the environmental effect of the peak in the morning and evening and the difference between weekdays and weekends. This is especially evident in the business district. Spatial heterogeneity is mainly reflected in the difference between the new urban area and the old city area. Single-function green spaces in areas with high functional complexity still have a weak attraction to people. Land use mix, scale and location are rather nonstationary in the dimensions of time and space.