ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE BULKHEADS IN SANDS

Finite element techniques are discussed and used in the analysis of a variety of types of flexible walls retaining cohesionless soils. Walls with a single tie anchorage are considered in the greatest detail and methods of analysis are developed which lead to excellent agreement with previously published results of model tests for the full practical range of wall stiffnesses. Using the same methods of analysis, walls with line resistance above the anchorage, encastre walls and walls with ties at various levels (strutted excavations) are then analyzed and experimental results are closely predicted for this complete range of available laboratory data.