FORCES IN THE SPIDER ORB WEB

Pretensile forces were measured in individual threads of intact spider webs. In the orb web of Araneus diadematus forces decrease from mooring threads to frame threads and radii, a typical ratio being 10:7:1. The smaller number of radii in the upper than in the lower half of the orb is paralleled by force ratios of 2:1 to 3:1. A similar difference between radii built first during web construction and radii added after completion of the frame underlines the importance of the former as part of the scaffolding. High tensions in the auxiliary spiral stabilize the radii in addition to providing a pathway for the spider when inserting the sticky spiral. Radial pretension (F) changes with spider mass (m). F/m is similar for different animals indicating an adaptation of radial forces to those resulting from spider mass. Several observations suggest tension control by the spider. When forced to anchor its web to thin flexible rods tension in the threads remains in the normal range. Tension values are similar in the webs of A. diadematus, Zygiella x-notata, Nuctenea umbratica, and Nephila clavipes indicating independence from details of web geometry. Only the mooring threads of Nephila show unusually large forces suggesting a narrower working range of tensions for the catching area than for the scaffolding.