The circadian rhythm of thermoregulation in Japanese quail .2. Multioscillator control

Most biochemical, physiological, and behavioral processes in vertebrates show significant daily rhythms. Under constant conditions, these rhythms exhibit an endogenous periodicity around 24 h showing that they are driven by an internal circadian clock. In Japanese quail, the circadian clock driving activity and body temperature rhythms is functionally organized as a dual-oscillator system. Under certain conditions, such as switching birds from light:dark (LD) 12:12 to continuous darkness (DD), the body temperature rhythm splits into two circadian components that free-run independently before recoupling in a normal phase-relationship. The behavior of the activity rhythm parallels that of the body temperature rhythm, supporting the hypothesis that both rhythms are driven by the same set of oscillators. In some instances, recoupling fails to occur and birds continue to exhibit two circadian components that free-run independently. Dual-oscillator control of body temperature was observed in normal birds, pinealectomized birds, and optic nerve sectioned birds. However, birds were rendered arrhythmic by complete eye removal. It is proposed that the central circadian system (suprachiasmatic nuclei?) acts as a complex pacemaker that is functionally organized as two sets of oscillators and that circadian input from the eyes is necessary to preserve the integrity of this complex pacemaker.