THE ACCRETION LUMINOSITY OF A MASSIVE BLACK-HOLE IN AN ELLIPTIC GALAXY

Most large elliptical galaxies should now host a massive black hole left over from an earlier quasar phase. Such galaxies also have an extensive hot gaseous halo. Here we consider why the nuclei of elliptical galaxies are not luminous sources as a result of the accretion of the hot gas by the central black hole, yet have weak radio sources. In particular, we suggest that accretion from the hot medium has low radiative efficiency and forms a hot ion torus surrounding the black hole. Synchrotron emission from the torus can account for at least part of the weak radio sources commonly seen in otherwise normal elliptical galaxies. The inner funnel of the ion torus can also begin the collimation of a narrow jet. We speculate on the difference between jets from the nuclei of spiral and elliptical galaxies, and suggest that the extensive hot atmosphere seen in ellipticals is essential for maintaining the collimation and provoking the observed radio structures of radio galaxies. We also note that low radiative efficiency, and not necessarily a large change in accretion rate, may be responsible for the demise of quasars and may contribute to the hard X-ray background. Hot ion tori may be common in galactic nuclei.